Other people's opinion of you does not have to become your reality. By Les Brown Find out about Major Depression Journals
Study Shows Exercise Can be Just as Effective as Medication When Treating Major Depression
I recently read about a study published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine. The study was done at Duke University by Dr. James Blumenthal, a professor of medical psychology.
Dr. Blumenthal conducted an experiment looking at the impact of exercise on depression. The study included over 150 men and women with major depression. Over a four month period the participants were divided equally into three groups.
- One group exercised
- One took anti-depressants
- And one did both
All the groups showed some improvement, but the rate of recovery for the group that did exercise alone and the group that took anti-depressants was unbelievably comparable.
This finding is a huge benefit to people who suffer from this debilitating affliction. And the great follow up was that after 10-months, those in the exercise group had the lowest relapse rate.
Although even small amounts of exercise - such as 50 minutes per week - had an effect, participants who engaged in the most intensive exercise had the largest improvements both in physical fitness and mental state.
After demonstrating that 30 minutes of brisk exercise three times a week is just as effective as Medication therapy in relieving the symptoms of major depression in the short term, medical center researchers have now shown that continued exercise greatly reduces the chances of the depression returning.
Last year, the Duke researchers reported on their study of 156 older patients diagnosed with major depression. To their surprise, they found that after 16 weeks, patients who exercised showed statistically significant and comparable improvement relative to those who took anti-depression medication, or those who took the medication and exercised.
This article seemed particularly appropriate to send to you during the holidays. Unfortunately, at this time of year many people can get themselves into a bad mindset. The winter doldrums, loneliness and the overall season sometimes does not bring out the best in people.
While there are many people who suffer from clinical depression who need to be on medication, it is great to see that someday there may be a way to find a great substitution between exercise and pills or powders.
Until that time, whether you suffer from the disease or you just find yourself in a rut... know that there are doctors and researchers out there who are proving that if you get yourself moving, you can not only get your physical body more healthy but that your mind, mood and mental state can reap huge benefits from physical activity as well.
About the Author
For over 17 years Bobby Kelly has taken his passion for coaching to a level not reached by many Phoenix personal trainers. Bobby has been featured as an expert adviser on CNN, Fox News, ABC, NBC, and CBS as well as local affiliate stations in numerous markets. Bobby, now a personal trainer in AZ, knows the success of hard work and determination. He’ll get you where you want to be. Visit Bobby’s Phoenix Personal Training facility at http://www.resultsonly.com or contact Results Only Phoenix Gym via email.
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Need peer-reviewed journals on Major depression Disorder...where can i find them?
I need help finding peer reviewed journals on major depression disorder for a research paper for my psycology class can somebodyd help me find them? thanks.
You need to use the database called "PsychInfo" for academic research in the field of psychology. It should be available in your university library.
.cs95E872D0{text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt} .cs5EFED22F{color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; } The twenties and thirties witnessed dramatic changes in American life: increasing urbanization, technological innovation, cultural upheaval, and economic disaster...
This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Anxiety Disorders, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase...
Fear is a darkroom where negatives develop. By Usman B. Asif Find out about Elderly Depression Journals
Elderly Perception of Loneliness and Ways of Resolving it
INTRODUCTION
Research work by Baum (1982) indicates a reawakening interest in examining loneliness, especially among the elderly over the last several years which is of international in scope. One impetus for the new interest is the realization that loneliness is a serious and widespread problem for many elderly persons today (Weiss, 1973). Even though loneliness is perceived as an important consideration in oldage, there is no clear understanding of what loneliness is, or of what may contribute to, or exacerbate its development among the elderly. Although space constraints do not allow for a complete review of growing literature on loneliness (Hartog, Audy and Cohen, 1980) but some understanding of how loneliness is viewed is necessary to identify the basic issues involved. Polansky (1985) has indicated that “loneliness is a nearly universal human emotion-(where) all but the most fortunate-are subject to it.” Young (1980) defines loneliness as the absence or perceived absence of satisfactory social relationships. Russell, Peplau and Cutrona (1980) consider loneliness as reflecting interpersonal social relationships.
Loneliness has been shown to consist of atleast two distinct dimensions that are referred to by Weiss (1987) as emotional isolation-seen as the absence of an attachment figure in one’s life and social isolation-regarded as the absence of a place in an accepting community. The distinction between social and emotional loneliness is clearly one of the most influential in the literature. Weiss bases his distinction on the nature of the social deficit. Peplau and Perlman (1982) examined and viewed loneliness as an affective state in which the individual is aware of being apart from others and apart form familiar support networks or systems. Other writers have distinguished chronic from temporary loneliness, and negative vs positive forms of aloneness. Still others (e.g., Sadler & Johnson, 1980 and Ellison, 1978) have discussed such types of loneliness as self-estrangement and/ or existential loneliness. Existential loneliness may be more tied to the lack of religion or meaning in life than to a lack of interpersonal bonds.
Even so an examination of the literature on loneliness shows that being alone and being lonely are not necessarily coincident. Many consider and treat loneliness on synonymous with aloneness. Researchers perceive loneliness as a negative construct but aloneness is viewed as both positive as well as negative constructs. Negative aloneness is viewed as the emotional experience of being apart from others when he/she wants to be part of them and positive aloneness is viewed as a feeling to stay away from others, to be close with one’s own self. In this research negative perception of loneliness is treated in synonymous with negative aloneness and positive perception of loneliness is viewed as the combination of both negative and positive aloneness.
Though loneliness has been conceived as a problem for everyone from children to elderly people (Schultz & Moore, 1984 and Natale, 1986) however, it is more distressing for elderly because their spouses might be deceased or due to the fading of occupational and social networks upon retirement. Religious behaviours and spiritual well-being are associated with low loneliness in the elderly (Walten et al., 1991).
Purpose of the study
Review of literature on loneliness leads to the conclusion that research on loneliness particularly in Indian context is inadequate. Social psychologists and gerontologists are becoming increasingly aware that a sense of control is an important determinant of the aged individual’s physical and psychological well-being (Schultz, 1976). Hence this study has been attempted to find out the perception of the elderly towards loneliness and to study the major activities involved into ward off loneliness among the elderly.
Hypotheses
The following hypotheses were formulated and tested:
1. The elderly individuals perceive loneliness as an unwanted situation.
2. Religion appears as the major activity to resolve loneliness among the elderly.
The total number of subjects was 60. The sample comprised of 30 elderly men and 30 elderly women in age ranging from 50 to 82 years (Mean age=63 years). The subjects were selected from Coimbatore district (Manchester of South India) in Tamil Nadu. The subjects (both males and females) were contacted individually by the researcher and data was collected by face-to-face interview.
Tool
The tools used in this study by the researcher were:
1. Personal Information Schedule: An “information schedule” was designed by the investigator to procure demographic and biographical information from the sample required for the study.
2. Informal Interview Schedule: An “interview schedule” was prepared by the investigator to extract information from the respondents from eight areas, namely, birth and childhood life, relationship with significant others, health and school experience, work life, marital life, views regarding loneliness, whether prefer to be alone at times, if ‘yes’ and ‘why?’ And ways of resolving loneliness.
For the present research incidental sampling technique was employed. Each subject was individually contacted by the researcher and data was obtained in a face-to-face manner. Data collection was done for duration of 30 days.
Statistical Analysis
Percentage scores and chi-square tests were calculated.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 shows the perception of elderly towards loneliness
Perception of Elderly No. of responses Percentage of responses
Positive 15 25%
Negative 35 58.3%
Mixed 10 16.6%
X2(2) = 17.5; p
Table 2 shows the frequency of subjects resorting to various activities to ward off loneliness
Activity
Frequency
Percentage
Religion
20 33.3%
Hobbies
22 36.6%
Social Activities
18 30%
X2(2) = 0.4; NS
There were no significant gender differences found towards the perception of loneliness. The results in Table 1 show that chi-square value for 2df is significant below 0.01 level of confidence which confirms the first hypothesis. The chi-square value also indicates that perception of loneliness in terms of positive, negative, and mixed qualities in not equally distributed. As mentioned earlier the examination of the literature of loneliness shows that being alone and being lonely are not coincident, but many subjects in this study treated loneliness as synonymous with aloneness hence in this research loneliness is treated on par with being alone. Table 1 indicated that about 58% of the elderly perceive loneliness negatively (negative aloneness) this is in accordance with the findings of previous researches on loneliness which have indicated that majority of the elderly perceived loneliness as an unwanted situation (e.g. , Seligman, 1975; Weiss, 1973; etc). These findings are also supported by prior findings of Bowling et al (1989) who examined factor related to loneliness in 590 female and 60 male elderly (aged 85+ years) and stated that loneliness is undesirable because it arises due to increased physical impairment, small social network, increased psychiatric morbidity and lack of confidante. This result also indicates that about 25% of the elderly perceive loneliness positively (positive aloneness), a condition whereby the elderly avoids contacts with others and prefer to be in contact with one’s own self mainly due to the stereotypes and prejudices present in the society regarding oldage. Table 1 also points out that nearly 17% of the elderly have mixed perception towards loneliness which is due to vague or unclear views regarding the experience of loneliness.
The results of Table 2 indicate the chi-square value for 2df is not significant which states all the three major activities, namely, religion, hobbies, and social activities are equally spread among the elderly population to ward off loneliness. The present finding does not confirm the second hypothesis which states that “religion appear as the major activity to resolve loneliness among the elderly.”
This finding is supported by the earlier research by Kivett (1979) who investigated religion as motivating factor among 301 elderly persons and found that elderly with high idealized self-concept and adults believing more in personal control are less likely to be motivated by religion. Querry and Steins (1974) found that religion optimism decreased with age. Generally, loneliness is viewed more of a social phenomena, hobbies tend to predominate the leisure time activities in later life play an important role. Normally elderly people resolve loneliness by means of social activities and hobbies such as gardening, fishing, reading, etc. along with religious activities. Hence this study indicates that all three major activities are equally spread to ward off loneliness among elderly.
REFERENCES
Baum, S.K.: Loneliness in elderly persons: A preliminary study. Psychological Reports, 50: 1317-1318, 1982.
Bowling, A.P., Edlemann, R.J., Leaver and Hockel, T.: Loneliness, mobility, well-being and social support in a sample of over 85 years olds. Personality and Independent Differences, 10(11), 1989.
Ellison, C.W.: Loneliness: A social development analysis. Journal of Psychology and Theology. 6: 3-17, 1978.
Hartog, J; Audy, J.R and Cohen, Y.A. (eds.): The anatomy of loneliness. New York: International Universities Press, 1980.
Kivett, V.R.: Religious motivation in middle age: Correlates and implications. Journal of Gerontology, 34(1): 106-115, 1979.
Natale, S.M.: Loneliness and the aging client: Psychotherapeutic consideration. In S.M. Natale (eds.). Psychotherapy and the lonely patient. New York: Howorts, 77-94, 1986.
Peplau, L.A and Perlman, D.: Loneliness: A source book of current theory, research and therapy. New York: John Wiley. 1982.
Polansky, N.A.: Determinants of loneliness among neglectful and other low-income mothers. Journal of Social Service Researches. 8: 1-15, 1985.
Querry, J.M and Steins, M.: Disillusionment, health status and age: A study of value differences of mid-western women. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 5(3): 245-256,1974.
Rubenstein, C.M., Shaver, P and Peplau, L.A.: Loneliness. New York: New York University Press, 1979.
Russell, D.W., Peplau, L.A and Cutrona, C.E.: The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminate validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39: 472-480, 1980.
Sadler, W.A and Johnson, T.R.: From loneliness to anomie. In: Hartog, J.R., Audy and Cohen, Y.A. (eds.). The anatomy of loneliness, New York: International Universities Press, 1980.
Schultz, N.R. Jr and Moore, D.: Loneliness: Correlates attributes and coping among the older adults. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Co., 67-77, 1984.
Seligman, M.E.P.: Helplessness: On depression, development and death. San Francisco: W.H. Freman, 1975.
Walten, C.G., Schultz, C.M., Beck, C.M. and Walls, R.C.: Psychological correlates of loneliness in the older adults. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 5(3): 65-77,1991.
Weiss, R.S.: Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge: MA: MIT Press, 1973.
Weiss, R.S.: Reflection on the present state of loneliness research. In: M. Hojat and R. Crandall (eds.). (Special issue). Loneliness: Theory, research and applications. Journal of Social Psychology, 2: 1-16, 1987.
Young, J.E.: Loneliness, depression and cognitive therapy. In: L.A. Peplau and Perlman, D (eds.). Loneliness: A source book of current theory, research and therapy. New York: Wiley Interscience, 379-405, 1982.
About the Author
Senior Lecturer,
Department of Psychology,
Annamalai University,
Annamalai Nagar- 608002.
mobile: 9442004638
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Medicare's Perspective Payment System Is Not The Primary Cause Of Early Hospital Readmission
Studies show that 10% of Medicare beneficiary's early hospital readmissions were preventable. "There were 301,017 readmissions that were clinically related" (Norbert I. Goldfield, 2008) to a previous admission which was classified as be preventable or unnecessary. Statistics show that hospitals that have been effective in creating discharge plans experience lower readmission rates. Although the need for case management services has increased over the last decade, the concept is not new. "Casework originated in the late 1800s under the ideologies of the coordination of human services, conservation of public funds, and care of poor and sick people." (Hall, Carswell, Walsh, Huber & Jampoler, 2002) However, agencies lost momentum in the early 1900's only to reemerge during the great depression. "Traditional social work intervention [] focused on [] disadvantaged people who were struggling with basic survival needs"(Hall, Carswell, Walsh, Huber & Jampoler, 2002)
Currently, one in five patients discharged home from an acute care hospital cost Medicare over 17 billion dollars annually. In 2008, "(19.6%) of the 11,855,702 Medicare beneficiaries who had been discharged from a hospital were rehospitalized within 30 days." (Jencks, Williams, & Coleman, 2009) There is a direct relationship between the rise in readmission rates and a patient's socioeconomic status. Individuals who live alone, have less than a 12th grade education, low income, chronic or mental ill or have no support system are less likely to comply with their discharge plan. According to the 2008 US Census Report, national educational attainment of the individuals who were non-institutionalized and over 64 years old 3.9 million have 12 or fewer years of education. (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008)
As the baby-boom generation moves into retirement the need for case management is on the rise. Policy makers are hurrying to establish new health reform. President Obama has pledged to have a Bill before Congress by the end of March 2010 to address the needs of aging Americans, who are disadvantaged, chronically or mentally ill. Approximately, one in three Americans will experience some form of mental disorder at some point in their lives, and according to one estimate, one in every 6.4 adults is currently suffering from some form of mental illness. (Boyle & Callahan, 1993) One of the areas of great concern is the impact early hospital readmissions of elderly patients have on the healthcare budget. "The costs of caring for these patients and whose illness is episodic and curable have reached $136.1 billion per-year." (Boyle & Callahan, 1993) The first step to reducing this cost is to reevaluate the cause.
It is suggested that this increase is due to the number of Medicare beneficiaries receiving inadequate home healthcare. Could it be, because there are too many programs and variations to choose from? On average each Medicare beneficiary "have at least 41 plan choices (excluding special need plans available to only qualifying subgroups) not including an extensive array of Medicare stand-alone prescription drug plans." (Gold, 2009)
According to Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MEDPAR) file for 2009, under the current Medicare policy, home health services consist of skilled nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, aid service, and medical social work. (p. 201)
Conclusion: Home health agencies have reduced the amount of services to their patients while receiving the same reimbursement. Under the Medicare fee-for-service market basket policy, agencies only have to meet minimum requirements. They have adjusted their services to increase maximum input while providing substandard output. Moving from the current policy to an average rate for services would increase the services receive to clients, while reducing fraud. The increase of reimbursement for social services would provide needed care to individuals, whose socioeconomic status falls below the national average, thus reducing readmissions rates. Additionally, the government needs to reduce the number of special need plans (SNP) beneficiaries have to choose from; therefore, reducing entitlement confusion. These plans should mandate extra previsions for identifying and addressing the socioeconomic limitations of the more than nine million Medicare and Medicaid recipients. Finally, case managers, nurses, and doctors need to advise all their patients of the benefits available and how to assess such services.
Method
Through meta-analysis, statistical data from secondary sources was used to gather information. Medicare recipients completed questionnaires consisting of 45 questions on a scale of 1 to 5 with 1 equaling does not apply and 5 equaling does apply. Within seven days of enrollment structured interviews were conducted at the recipient's home. Multidimensional variables were used to determine if there was a direct correlation between the number of Medicare Advantage plans, number of beneficiaries enrolled in a plan, and early hospital readmission rates.
There are currently 8,645,970 individuals 65 years old or older enrolled in Medicare Advantage. However, only 957,553 elderly or 10.5 percent is enrolled in a special need plan. (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008) ORDI show beneficiary demographics as follows: of the eligible recipients enrolled a SNP 98% were over 65 years old, 74% were male and 26% female, 70% white, 6% African American, and 14% other races. Medicare eligibility status was 97.3% eligible due to age, 1.5% disabled, and 1.2% other. Most of the participants lived in urban communities 57.1%, rural 42.9, and 66% lived in the community. Individuals who lived in the rural communities rated as having a higher risk score. (p. 91)
Measurement Tools
In a research report published in 2007 by The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services Office of the Research, Development, and Information (ORDI), committee members stated that if Congress continue to disregard the current way home healthcare for chronically ill is conduct, it will break this nation. This information came from CMS enrollment records, claims received HCC and HMO payment file, fiscal years 2003 and 2004, starting on September 1, 2003 through August 31, 2005, 10,400 freestanding home health agencies were compared to the services offered and delivered. Of those agencies, 8,562 reported 59% of their clients being readmitted or going to the emergency room within 30 days of discharge from an acute hospital facility. Only 1 in 24 were enrolled in a special need program.
According to Jencks, Williams and Coleman (2009), of the Medicare beneficiaries who were readmitted in an acute care hospital within 30 days of discharge, 70% had an existing medical condition (p. 1) which would have been covered under Medicare Advantage if the recipient was enrolled.
Schmitz, Merrill, Schore, Shapiro, & Verdier (2007) conducted a survey of 800 organizations "to collect uniform information about their structure and operation." (p. 38) An eight hundred questionnaire survey was mailed 193 facilities who met ORDIs criteria. The participating companies were "ask about their population, relationships with providers, member screening and assessment, services offered, relationship with Medicaid, and pharmacy benefits. Of the surveys mailed (n=193), 11 were ineligible, 145 surveys were completed with a total response rate of 80%. "Currently a little over half of the dual-eligible and institutional SNPs had more than 1000 members, which provided care for heart failure or other cardiovascular disease." (p. 38)
CMS has identified the follow medical conditions as being eligible for the chronic condition classification. Each illness must be:
• Medically complex
• Substantially disabling or life-threatening
• High risk of hospitalization or have other adverse outcome
• Needs specialized delivery system across care domains
• Has nationally recognized protocols or guidelines
The chronic conditions that meet CMS guidelines and are identified as being the primary cause of early hospital readmissions include: COPD 15.4%, Diabetes without complications 19.1%, CHF 21.7%, vascular disease 13.3%, specified heart arrhythmias 15.5%, major depression, bipolar, and paranoid disorders at 6.3%, renal failure 4.9%, angina pectoris 4.2%, cancers 3.7%, and ischemic or unspecified stroke 4.0%.
There are 12 insurance companies that over 75% of all Medicare beneficiaries. There were 2,735 plans offered in Medicare Advantage in 2009. (The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009)
Implications
Failure to develop a program that would automatically cover all Medicare beneficiaries would be catastrophic for this nation. Currently, the cost of each Medicare patient who is readmitted after the first 24 hours of discharge from an acute care hospital but within 30 days cost the government an average of $7,248 for each patient. If you take the average cost for each readmission in 2008 and multiply them, it cost 17.4 billion dollars. At this current rate, the country will be bankrupt by 2020.
The Prospective Payment System which is currently being used by CMS is inadequate and is over paying claims for service by some 6 billion dollars annually. The way the current system is designed, it allows home health care to bill for and services only that pay the largest reimbursement. Because of this some of the main causes of patients being readmitted is over looked. Arbaje's study conducted in 2008 measurements [on] early readmission [of patients'] postdischarge environment (PDE) factors, and socioeconomic (SES) factors to determine their needs once they are discharged from the hospital. PDE factors consisted of having a usual source of care, requiring assistance to see the usual source of care, marital status, living alone, lacking self-management skills, having an unmet functional need, having no helpers with activities of daily living, number of living children, and number of levels in the home. SES factors consisted of education, income, and Medicaid enrollment. (p. 495) As shown in this model Arbaje illustrates emigrating factors that directly related to a person's chance of being readmitted. (See figure 1.)
Most home health agencies overlook the importance of having social work involvement in the lives of their clients. To increase their profits, client socioeconomic needs go un-assessed or are minimized. They often fail to recognize "the scientific evidence concerning the effectiveness of case management services [and how] it has grown over recent years." (Björkman, 2000) There are a number of assessment tools currently being used by home health agencies, but there is no consistency. Social workers work with identifying client strengths. The strengths' perspective assumes that everyone has the capacity to draw from a variety of resources, skills, abilities, motivations, desires, and talents". (Hall, Carswell, Walsh, Huber & Jampoler, 2002) By home health agencies limiting patients' access to a social worker, patients never obtain the confidence they need to heal and live productive lives. Patients become more dependent on the system, thus returning to the hospital at the first sign of trouble. If this trend is not corrected the growth of hospital readmissions will continue.
Programs
There are several programs in place that may accommodate Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries. Let's take a look at three.
The first program is The Providing Assistance to Caregivers in Transition (PACT) program. This program is a case management program comprised of social workers and nurses. They develop case plans for patients who were discharged home from a facility. It is also covered by Medicare, but not Medicaid. However, the drawback of this program is that it is limited to only 10 visits per 60 day period and to those patients who came from a nursing home or hospital. It would be more effective is it "considers a broader mix of nursing homes, working directly with the nursing home's admission Minimum Data Set coordinator in the patient selection, or working with Medicare or Medicaid HMO plans." (Newcomer, 2006)
The second program which is available to patients is the special need plan offered by Medicare. This program assists patients who have a chronic illness and is unable to handle their own affairs. Patients can receive an unlimited amount of visits from a nurse or social worker. However, this is an evidence base plan and is limited to those patients who will be able to develop an independent lifestyle. Unfortunately, the reimbursement under this plan is limited and few home healthcare agencies utilize it.
Then there is the intensive case management program. This plan assists "high-risk adults with chronic mental health conditions". (Patterson, 1998) Patients are assisted with their medications and daily living. This plan is also covered under the Medicare reimbursement policy; however, it is limited to patients with severe medical problems. It is used by most home health agencies and is paid at a higher rate by both Medicare and Medicaid.
Recommendations
There are a number of possible solutions in handling the confusion and reduce readmission rates. First, a reduction of the number of Medicare plans available under Medicare Advantage program should be made. Second, there need to be nation minimum standards for all plans. Third, all plans must carry dual enrollment programs (offering both Medicare and Medicaid). Fourth, every Medicare and Medicaid patient who is being discharged home is to be assessed by a social worker at home within 3 days of discharge. Fifth, all assessments should be nationally universal; every state would use the same format. Finally, patient socioeconomic information should be on a computer system and outcomes should also be posted.
A reduction of the number of Medicare plans offered under the Medicare Advantage program should be executed. There are currently some 2700 different programs available. Each program offers a varying amount of services with just as many combinations. Additionally, some of the plans are hard to understand, while others are confusing. Some people will find that one of their illnesses is covered, while another is not. The current plans, say a person is diagnosed with diabetes and depression; they may be under a plan that covers diabetes, but not depression or vice versa.
Each plan should have minimum standards that would cover the 12 chronically illnesses currently approved by Medicare or Medicaid as high risk. There would be no all-inclusive plans. Every service and treatment would be itemized with a time frame for outcomes. Only those agencies that maintain a positive outcome base over 80% would be able to stay in the Medicare or Medicaid program.
Due to the high number of individuals who is low income all plans should be required to carry dual enrollment programs (offering both Medicare and Medicaid). Additionally, a large number of white patients live alone and because of assets do not qualify for Medicaid; therefore, the minimum standards should not be based on assets. If the person qualified for both Medicare and Medicaid than they would have met the standards for those programs and additionally limits should not be imposed.
Conclusion
Without healthcare reform is necessary for this country to survive and reducing Medicare and Medicaid is the place which needs the biggest overhaul. Currently costing this nation billion of dollars annually preventive health is the answer. The only way to do this is by reducing the number insurance of plans, setting national minimum standards, increasing recipient enrollments in special need plans, and effective discharge plans these rates could be reduced. More choice does not always mean better choice.
With President Obama on the skirts of signing a new healthcare reform bill, case management needs to be an intricate part of the recovery plan. Only through the reduction of ineffective care, government mandates and tougher penalties for insurance companies who defraud the government will change come and patients receive the treatment they need.
References
Arbaje, A., Wolff, J., Yu, Q., Powe, N., Anderson, G., & Boult, C.. (2008). Postdischarge Environmental and Socioeconomic Factors and the Likelihood of Early Hospital Readmission Among Community-Dwelling Medicare Beneficiaries. The Gerontologist, 48(4), 495-504
Björkman, T., & L. Hansson. (2000). What do case managers do? An investigation of case manager interventions and their relationship to client outcome. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35(1), 43-50. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from ProQuest Medical Library. (Document ID: 972364221). Hall, J. A., Carswell, C., Walsh, E., Huber, D. L., & Jampoler, J. S. (2002). Iowa Case Management: Innovative Social Casework. Social Work, 47(2), 132+. Retrieved March 6, 2010, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000759600
Hall, J. A., Carswell, C., Walsh, E., Huber, D. L., & Jampoler, J. S. (2002). Iowa Case Management: Innovative Social Casework. Social Work, 47(2), 132+. Retrieved March 6, 2010, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000759600
Jencks, S., Williams, M., & Coleman, E.. (2009). Rehospitalizations among Patients in the Medicare Fee-for-Service Program. The New England Journal of Medicine, 360(14), 1418-28. Retrieved February 28, 2010, from ProQuest Medical Library. (Document ID: 1672517131).
Robert Newcomer, Taewoon Kang, & Carrie Graham. (2006). Outcomes in a Nursing Home Transition Case-Management Program Targeting New Admissions. The Gerontologist, 46(3), 385-90. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from ProQuest Medical Library. (Document ID: 1049777191).
Patterson, David, A., & Myung-Shin Lee. (1998). Intensive case management and rehospitalization: A survival analysis. Research on Social Work Practice, 8(2), 152-171. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Document ID: 26923286).
Schaedle, Richard W., Irwin Epstein Publication title: Mental Health Services Research. New York: Jun 2000. Vol. 2, Iss. 2; pg. 95 Source type: Periodical ISSN: 15223434 ProQuest document ID: 386427651
Schmidt-Posner, Jackie, & Jeanette M Jerrell. (1998). Qualitative analysis of three case management programs. Community Mental Health Journal, 34(4), 381-92. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 32416774).
Schmitz, R., Merrill, A., Schore, J., Shapiro, R., Verdier, J. (2009). Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ― Evaluation of Medicare Advantage Special Needs Plans Summary Report, Contract No.: 500-00.0033(13) MPR Reference No.: 6216-711 September 30, 2008 [http://www.cms.hhs.gov/reports/downloads/Schmitz_2008.pdf]
The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. (2009). Strategies for Simplifyiong the Medicare Advantage Market. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. .
U.S. Census Bureau. (2008, Januay 1). Educational Attainment of the Population 18 Years and Over, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 2008. Washington, DC, Unite States.
Hall, J. A., Carswell, C., Walsh, E., Huber, D. L., & Jampoler, J. S. (2002). Iowa Case Management: Innovative Social Casework. Social Work, 47(2), 132+. Retrieved March 6, 2010, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000759600
Jencks, S., Williams, M., & Coleman, E.. (2009). Rehospitalizations among Patients in the Medicare Fee-for-Service Program. The New England Journal of Medicine, 360(14), 1418-28. Retrieved February 28, 2010, from ProQuest Medical Library. (Document ID: 1672517131).
Robert Newcomer, Taewoon Kang, & Carrie Graham. (2006). Outcomes in a Nursing Home Transition Case-Management Program Targeting New Admissions. The Gerontologist, 46(3), 385-90. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from ProQuest Medical Library. (Document ID: 1049777191).
Patterson, David, A., & Myung-Shin Lee. (1998). Intensive case management and rehospitalization: A survival analysis. Research on Social Work Practice, 8(2), 152-171. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Document ID: 26923286).
Schaedle, Richard W., Irwin Epstein Publication title: Mental Health Services Research. New York: Jun 2000. Vol. 2, Iss. 2; pg. 95 Source type: Periodical ISSN: 15223434 ProQuest document ID: 386427651
Schmidt-Posner, Jackie, & Jeanette M Jerrell. (1998). Qualitative analysis of three case management programs. Community Mental Health Journal, 34(4), 381-92. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 32416774).
Schmitz, R., Merrill, A., Schore, J., Shapiro, R., Verdier, J. (2009). Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ― Evaluation of Medicare Advantage Special Needs Plans Summary Report, Contract No.: 500-00.0033(13) MPR Reference No.: 6216-711 September 30, 2008 [http://www.cms.hhs.gov/reports/downloads/Schmitz_2008.pdf]
The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. (2009). Strategies for Simplifyiong the Medicare Advantage Market. Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. .
U.S. Census Bureau. (2008, Januay 1). Educational Attainment of the Population 18 Years and Over, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 2008. Washington, DC, Unite States. http://www.census.gov/aboutus/budget.html
About the Author
My name is Lori Pritchard. I am a Life Coach, who blends my education, training, experience, humor, and common sense together to create a life coaching experience that is measurable. I received my Bachelor Degree of Social Work from the University of South Florida and am currently completing my Master of Healthcare Administration at Capella. University.www.lplifecoaching.com
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A silent crippler stalks millions of North Americans. It afflicts one person with tremors, makes another depressed or psychotic, and causes agonizing leg pains or paralysis in still another. It can mimic Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, early Parkinson’s disease, diabetic neuropathy, or chronic fatigue syndrome...
Fear is faith that it won't work out. By Sister Mary Tricky Find out about Adolescent Depression Journals
Can children learn to meditate?
As meditation becomes more and more popular among adults, teaching meditation to children is being promoted as a way to create centeredness and focus at a tender age. Yet many teachers and parents recognize the difficulty of a young child to silence the mind and sit still. As a result, a variety of "children's meditations" are being invented that often use imagination, focusing on the breath or trying to find stillness within. Unwittingly, these practices have been introduced to children without any track record of success and little if any scientific research on the effects they may have on a child's brain and development.
Some parents may wonder: should children be taught to discipline their minds or channel their imagination for specific purposes? At what age is it appropriate for my child to meditate? What kind of practice is safe and effective for children? Is there any tradition, precedence or scholarly authority behind the practice of children's meditation? Is meditation something I can teach my child, or do along with them? The ancient, venerated Vedic Tradition of meditation prescribes different practices at specific stages of development in the child's life. Because very young children are still integrating their inner world with the outer world around them, they may find it difficult to practice a meditation that requires them to sit still or inhibits their natural inclination to know and discover. Attempts to settle a child through directing their attention to breathing or trying to create inner silence may instead cause strain and frustration for the exuberant, growing child.
One technique of meditation that has been successfully introduced to many middle and high schools throughout America and around the world is the Transcendental Meditation technique. Based on the broad spectrum of scientific research on the effectiveness of the TM technique for students, [1] educators have felt confident that the Transcendental Meditation program is a safe and reliable practice to help children cope with stress and improve learning ability [2] and behavior [3]. Over 140,000 school children around the world have learned the TM technique in the past three years.
Science has looked at what happens in a the brain during the practice of the TM technique. Findings indicate a healthy development of coherence and balance between all parts of the brain, with increased activation of the pre-frontal cortex [4], the part of the brain responsible for discrimination and higher reasoning. Notably, this type of holistic brain functioning is not found while a child is studying, playing, watching TV, or listening to music; nor does this balanced, holistic brain functioning come about through other types of meditation exercises, such as minding the breath, visualizing, or directing the imagination. All such activities activate specific areas of the brain. Only the meditative state associated with 'transcending' during TM practice has been found to activate the entire brain in this holistic way.
Practice of the TM technique not only stimulates brain development and learning ability in children, but also provides natural relief from stress, anxiety, [5] depression [6] and fatigue. “One of the best-documented ways to address anxiety in children is to teach them to deeply relax themselves. Children and adolescents often encounter stress at home and at school” says Dr. William Stixrud, clinical neuropsychologist and faculty at the Children’s National Medical Center in Washington, D.C.. “If you can effectively treat a child's anxiety problems, you significantly decrease the likelihood that they’re going to develop depression, or addictive behaviors, or other kinds of mental health problems. Transcendental Meditation becomes a very important tool, not only in the treatment of children with anxiety problems, but also in the prevention of anxiety disorders.”
Reducing stress [7] and increasing inner happiness increases flexibility, social abilities and self esteem. Children who find approval from within rather than needing it from the outside, are less influenced by peer pressure. Cultivating the practice of meditation can become a valuable tool that a child uses as he matures, preparing him to meet the stresses and challenges of adulthood.
What is the appropriate time in a child's development to sit and practice eyes-closed meditation? According to the tradition of the Transcendental Meditation program—the Vedic Tradition—no sooner than ten years of age. Starting with just a few minutes morning and afternoon, children ten and older find the practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique easy to master because it doesn't require focus, concentration or that they sit still. Even children with ADHD are able to practice this meditation successfully [8].
What about children under ten? A special practice appropriate for the developmental stage of early childhood it is the Maharishi Word of Wisdom technique. This eyes-open meditation can be learned by children starting at ages three to four.This practice strengthens the mind and stabilizes the emotions of the young child. The children's TM technique is practiced a few minutes each day with eyes open, while the child is quietly engaged in easy, natural activities such as walking or coloring. The children’s technique has been found to promote balance in mind and body and integrate the child's nervous system. [9] The child grows in stability in relation to the outer world and does not become introverted or withdrawn by attempting many such meditative practices that would be unatural for them.
Children benefit most from meditation when their parents are also meditating. A family that meditates together typically finds that their home life grows more harmonious and blissful. There's more time for nourishing interactions when stress is released during meditation instead of outbursts and arguments.
So what will it be for your children, zoning out in front of the TV, or a few minutes of daily meditation?
1. Broader comprehension and improved ability to focus Perceptual and Motor Skills (39: 1031–1034, 1974) Increased calmness Physiology & Behavior (35: 591–595, 1985) Improved Academic Performance. Education 107 (1986): 49–54; Education 109 (1989): 302–304; Modern Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 17 (2005): 65–91.
2. Nidich S.I., et al. School effectiveness: Achievement gains at the Maharishi School of the Age of Enlightenment. Education 107: 49-54, 1986. Fergusson L.C. Field Independence and art achievement in meditating and nonmeditating college students. Perceptual and Motor Skills 75: 1171-1175, 1992.
3. Barnes V.A., et al. Impact of stress reduction on negative school behavior in adolescents. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1:10, 2003.
4. Increased EEG Coherence during Transcendental Meditation. International Journal of Neuroscience 14: 147–151, 1981.
5. Dillbeck M.C. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation technique on anxiety level. Journal of Clinical Psychology 33: 1076-1078, 1977.
6. Decreased depression and Transcendental Meditation Journal of Counseling and Development (64: 212–215, 1985)
7. Barnes V. A., et al. Impact of Transcendental Meditation on cardiovascular function at rest and during acute stress in adolescents with high normal blood pressure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 51, 597-605, 2001.
8. Use of the Transcendental Meditation technique to reduce symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by reducing stress and anxiety. Current Issues in Education: Volumn 10, 2008. 9. Alexander C.N., et al. Effect of Practice of The Children’s Transcendental Meditation Technique on Cognitive Stage Development: Acquisition And Consolidation of Conservation, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 17, 21-46, 2005.
About the Author
Jeanne Ball earned a Ph.D from Maharishi European Research University and has over 35 years of experience in teaching Transcendental Meditation to children and adults of all ages and backgrounds, specializing in ADHD, ADD, addiction recovery, anxiety, depression, hypertension and other stress related disorders. The David
Lynch Foundation., Doctors
on Meditation, TM.org
Every teenager whether it be on myspace, live journal or a self help group has depression, but not just any depression, no it's got to be severe depression. On self injury websites they compete for who's the most 'messed up' whether it be who's the most promiscuous, drug addicted, post pictures of their injuries or who has the longer list of mental disorders.
An exfriend/room mate once dragged me in for a psych evaluation. She was there when the doc said I have bipolar disorder. I don't, but that's not the point. This girl later admitted to being jealous. My suspicion was that she was just another ignorant adolescent trying to fit in by being different. Who would actually want to be bipolar?!
Why does this happen? Is it an attention thing? Are teenagers simply not educated about what is going on with them as adolescents? Is there comfort in knowing that they might just be able to pop a pill and make it all better?
(I do not doubt that SOME teens do have these problems.)
First let me say that if I had a choice to be bipolar or not I would be bipolar and for this reason. Bipolar means far more then just mood swings. It is part of you makes up who I am and is part of my over all identity. with out it I would not be me and if I had never had it at all I would not be the understand person I am. Yes there are times I wish I was not on the depressive side of things but for the most part being hypermainc is the best I could ever feel. I am not a teenager but have had bipolar since I was 10 years old but was not diagnosed till I was 19 and yes it would not be that I am jealous you have been dx with bipolar but at that time in my life I would have been jealous that you had a reason for what was going on and I was still struggling to know why I was like this.
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Thanks to sharper diagnosis and better medicine, the future is brighter for people with bipolar disorder than in past generations. But if you or someone you love is struggling with the frantic highs and crushing lows of this illness, there are still many hurdles to surmount at home, at work, and in daily life...
Do not be afraid of tomorrow; for God is already there. By Author Unknown Find out about Great Depression Journals
A look at chronic depression and it's treatments and symptoms
Other extended form of depression, Chronic Depression or Dysthymia is much less severe and nonetheless thought a chronic form.
Dysthymic Depression does not halt a person from performing ordinary functions but prevents him from performing them as well as he could have.
It's thought that some of the reasons of dysthymia could be childhood harm, adaptation difficulties during the constructive adolescent years or strain in the adult life.
People with dysthymic depression could stay depressed for quite a lasting time originating with days lasting for up to two years.
Dysthymic Depression is again a moderately common mental ailment and broadly affects around 3-5 percentage of the society.
Though the symptoms of dysthymic depression greatly resemble those of manic depression, there are not as severe and as such tend to be dropped or misdiagnosed as a subject of psychosomatic illness.
This is the sort of depression I have handled with for my entire lifetime. The prolonged feelings of sorrow and "feeling down" turned out to be dysthymia.
For numerous years I got misdiagnosed because I started experiencing headaches and stomach discomfort which landed my physicians to believe that I had a psychosomatic illness, which is the luxuriant term used when no physical harm is seen in the body. It draws to believe that the reason is strictly mental.
Harvard Health Publications states that, "the Greek word dysthymia signifies 'bad state of mind'
As some of the two primal forms of clinical depression, it usually has fewer dangerous symptoms than major depression though lasts longer."
At least three-fourths of patients with dysthymic depression also experience a chronic bodily sickness or some other psychiatrical disorder such as one of the anxiety disorders, drug addiction, or alcohol addiction.
The Big Care Journal reads that dysthymia "affects roughly 3% of the people and is connected with fundamental working impairment". Harvard health Publications says: "The rate of depression in the family units of individuals with dysthymic depressions is as high as 50% for the early-onset form of the disorder."
Unfortunately although this type of depression is moderately ordinary most individuals with dysthymic depressions can't say for sure when they first become depressed, inducing the diagnosis quite hard at times.
Confer your physician about this type of chronic depression
My friend is in recovery after leaving the JW and is on medication for depression and anxiety attributed to leaving the cult. A psychologist and a cult intervention specialist are working in conjuction to try and help her.
My friends family is denying that the Jw are a cult and that she does not have any mental disorders atributed to leaving "The Truth". They claim she is just simply being misled by Satan and babylon the great.
My question is why do the Jw claim they aren't a cult? I have done tons of research in many diffrent medias and the only ones who claim they aren't a cult is the JW. Also many mental health medical journals list and record problems associated with leaving a cult like the JW.
They don't believe its a cult because the Watchtower has told them it isn't! They don't research the cult they just follow blindly!
In Change Your Brain, Change Your Body, award winning psychiatrist and bestselling author Dr. Daniel Amen gives you 10 very simple steps that will help you live longer, look younger, be thinner and decrease your risk for Alzheimer's disease, depression, heart disease, cancer and diabetes...
In this edition of the Journal, Bill Moyers sits down with Parker Palmer, founder of the Center for Courage & Renewal, for a conversation about maintaining spiritual wholeness even as the economy and political order seem to be coming apart...
Since the first rumblings of the subprime mortgage meltdown, Bill Moyers Journal has stayed on the story of the economic collapse. This anthology provides a selection of Journal segments from June 2007 through May 2009 featuring economists and other experts who provide powerful insight into the roots of the crisis stimulating a crucial national dialogue on its causes, effects, and possible solutions...
Forgiveness Is a Choice is a self-help book for people who have been deeply hurt by another and caught in a vortex of anger, depression, and resentment. As a creator of the first scientifically proven forgiveness program in the country, Robert D...
.cs95E872D0{text-align:left;text-indent:0pt;margin:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt} .cs5EFED22F{color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; } The twenties and thirties witnessed dramatic changes in American life: increasing urbanization, technological innovation, cultural upheaval, and economic disaster...
Illus. with photographs from the Dust Bowl era. This true story took place at the emergency farm-labor camp immortalized in Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath. Ostracized as "dumb Okies," the children of Dust Bowl migrant laborers went without school--until Superintendent Leo Hart and 50 Okie kids built their own school in a nearby field.
As a rule what is out of sight disturbs men's minds more seriously than what they see. By Julius Caesar Find out about Depression Journals
Tips for Combating Depression and Anxiety
Depression and anxiety affect more than 20 million adults every year. With depression symptoms ranging from mild to severe, more people are seeking help for the treatment of depression and anxiety than ever before. Treatment options for depression and anxiety include prescription medication, hormone therapy, psychotherapy, and a variety of other specialized therapies.
Since each case is unique, there is no "one-size-fits-all" cure for these sometimes debilitating mental disorders. But when natural remedies are used in conjunction with other types of treatment, treatment success rates can soar!
Regardless of whether or not you are in a professional depression or anxiety treatment program, there are a number of things that you can do to help yourself.
Natural remedies for these mental disorders don't get a lot of attention so they're often overlooked as successful treatment options. Fortunately the situation is changing. Natural remedies for depression and anxiety are most effective when used in conjunction with professional therapy. For many patients, that combination is enough and additional treatment methods usually aren't required.
Here are some proven tips for getting depression and anxiety under control:
Banish Negative Thoughts
Although it's nearly impossible to prevent negative thoughts from creeping into our minds, negativity makes depression and anxiety worse. Try to offset these thoughts by focusing on the positive things going on in your life. Positive, happy thoughts trigger the brain to release "feel good" chemicals that combat depression and anxiety naturally.
Avoid Associating with Negative People
Sharing your life with people who are negative only strengthens your own negative feelings. Likewise, sharing your life with positive, upbeat people strengthens your positive feelings. The choice is voluntarily so choose the people who can help you and avoid the ones who can't.
Journal Your Way to Relaxation
Take a few minutes each day to write in a journal. You don't have to create a novel, just jot down your thoughts on the positive and negative aspects of each day and note what made you depressed and what made you happy. At the end of each week take time to reread what you've written. Before you know it you'll have a clear picture of the things that lift you up and which ones bring you down. As soon as possible, start avoiding the things that affect you negatively and start doing more of the things that make you happy.
Tap Into the Power of Affirmations
Affirmations are uplifting statements that you say out loud. Because affirmations are spoken as if the results you are seeking have already occurred, they work by programming your subconscious to make true that which you have already told it to be true.
Feel free to create your own affirmations or use these:
"I deserve the happiness that I feel every day."
"I think only positive and uplifting thoughts."
"I am in control of my moods and outside issues do not affect me negatively."
"I love myself and I deserve the love of others."
Summary
You are in control of your thoughts and feelings. Depression and anxiety are not unbeatable conditions that you are powerless to control. Start by following the tips presented in this article and then seek the help of an expert in the field of anxiety and depression management if you require additional assistance.
Im looking for teen books withserious deep topics. depression, anoerixia, bulimia, suicidal type books.?
Im looking for teen books withserious deep topics. depression, anoerixia, bulimia, suicidal type books.?
some examples ive read
cut
ginger bread
burn journals
perfect
For two years, the narrator of this program went through a nightmare, feeling a self-hatred and worthlessness beyond love and redemption that he described as "the concentration camp of the mind." This video presents one mans attempt to convey the ordeal of severe depression by writing a memoir about the experience...
In Change Your Brain, Change Your Body, award winning psychiatrist and bestselling author Dr. Daniel Amen gives you 10 very simple steps that will help you live longer, look younger, be thinner and decrease your risk for Alzheimer's disease, depression, heart disease, cancer and diabetes...
In this edition of the Journal, Bill Moyers sits down with Parker Palmer, founder of the Center for Courage & Renewal, for a conversation about maintaining spiritual wholeness even as the economy and political order seem to be coming apart...
Since the first rumblings of the subprime mortgage meltdown, Bill Moyers Journal has stayed on the story of the economic collapse. This anthology provides a selection of Journal segments from June 2007 through May 2009 featuring economists and other experts who provide powerful insight into the roots of the crisis stimulating a crucial national dialogue on its causes, effects, and possible solutions...
Why is My Therapy Journal the
#1 Source for Journaling?
My Therapy Journal is the first-ever, therapy-oriented journaling tool. It provides the most private and secure venue available for both individuals and health care providers who wish to not only journal, but also track progress of personally set goals using graphing software based on cognitive behavioral therapy...
"Dr. Morgentaler, an internationally recognized expert in sexual medicine and male hormones, shares his secrets for a healthy life."--Irwin Goldstein, M.D., Director of Sexual Medicine, Alvarado Hospital, San Diego, and Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Sexual Medicine "A highly valuable resource...
Forgiveness Is a Choice is a self-help book for people who have been deeply hurt by another and caught in a vortex of anger, depression, and resentment. As a creator of the first scientifically proven forgiveness program in the country, Robert D...
Emotional balance is within your reach—when you cultivate the intelligence of both your body and mind. Bo Forbes, a psychologist and yoga teacher, presents an integrative approach to healing anxiety, depression, and chronic stress...
You can't wring your hands and roll up your sleeves at the same time. By Pat Schroeder Find out about Free Depression Journals
Depression on the Rise among Soldiers Facing Deployment
A new study of U. S. armed forces who served in Iraq and Afghanistan from 2000 to 2006 revealed that combat duty not surprisingly increased the incidence of depression in soldiers. The study, conducted by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio, focused on subjects from all of the major military service branches.
The Wright-Patterson study found that the new diagnoses for depression among personnel deployed was 6 percent for men and 16 percent for women among the more than 40,0000 members who participated in the survey, all of whom had been free of depression before deployment. According to a report in the American Journal of Public Health, “combat-deployed men and women were at increased risk for new-onset depression compared with non-deployed men and women.”
Further analysis suggests that male combat specialists have a lower risk for depressive disorders than male soldiers in health or supportive care positions. One theory for this difference was the combat training those who are deployed receive. Another factor could be what the study called “military hardiness.” Other factors that increase the risk of depression among men were identified as an alcohol-dependence, smoking, and an age factor: the younger the personnel, the more likely the increase of depressive symptoms. Among women, marital status, ethnicity and Naval or Coast Guard duty increased the risk of depressive symptoms.
Not surprisingly, male and females who were deployed ran the increased risk of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder . PTSD, sometimes called “”battle fatigue or “shell-shock,” is often triggered as a result of witnessing or participating in traumatic events. Symptoms of the disorder include frightening flash-backs, hallucinations and nightmares. Anxiety and depressive symptoms are also present in patients suffering from PTSD. Depression has long been a counterpart of PTSD as both illnesses share a variety of symptoms.
According to a study conducted by John D. Corrigan and Thomas B. Cole, published in 2008 by the Journal of the American Medical Asociation, more than 18 percent of military personnel returning from service in Iraq and Afghanistan met the criteria for PTSD or depression. There was also an increased risk for traumatic brain injuries, as well as a propensity for substance abuse.
In a recent article in USA TODAY, it is estimated that 15 to 20 percent of all soldiers fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan suffer from depression according to a U. S. Surgeon General’s report, the fifth such report since 2003. As soldiers are assigned successive deployments the emotional stress and onset of mental illness is increased. Studies increasingly show that the emotional distress of more than one deployment increases the current cases of PTSD in soldiers on active duty, as well as soldiers who have finished military service.
I have suffered from all this crap since I was 13 and never bought into all the diagnosis. I am finally relenting and admitting I can't control these mood swings, depression, ect... I am in a slump again, in the past my faith in God helped, now nothing is working. Yes I take my meds, effexor and still can't shake the blues, Ive done all the mental health stuff you're suppose to do, think positive, journal, get out of the house, excercie, still no help. Im not suicidal, but have lost all motivation. The Dr. is really of little help, and my counselor just listens offers no advice. I never hit the mania stage with the bi polar, I question still wether Ihave it. My mania symptoms are just insomnia. I am tired ofthis fight. I need real help. The onset of this was due to a hernia surgery when I went into septic shock and woke up in ICU and almost died. I had to pull out of nursing school I was halfway through. I had 2 years symptom free till then. What do I do Now?
Get a clear picture of what is going on with you.
It sounds like lots have labeled you but no one is helping. Effexor is not the only drug. And therapists that just listen and don't do more are useless.
You have had a legitimate medical situation that haunts you. There is appropriate treatment for PTSD. And even if you do have another disorder, the fact that it is controlling you right now means that it is not being managed appropriately.
Check the internet in your area for someone that specializes in PTSD. It can make depression and other symptoms much worse than they have to be. Insomnia is a defining characteristic of depression, not necessarily bipolar.
You don't say how old you are, but you do display symptoms that are not being treated. Get to know yourself. Use all of your ability to know yourself to your advantage. Read up on the role of exercise and diet as well as sleep on your mental health. Manage yourself and invite a new professional to help with managing that which you do not know.
No one will know you better than you. You are describing a situation where you are relying on bad information or certainly inadequate information.
Just remember psychiatry is a science not a known. You are a complex person and you need to work together with someone to achieve the wellness you describe.
Good luck and don't give up.
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falling dollar in 2009 depression will be worst than 1929 ; madoff fraud
Forgiveness Is a Choice is a self-help book for people who have been deeply hurt by another and caught in a vortex of anger, depression, and resentment. As a creator of the first scientifically proven forgiveness program in the country, Robert D...
Illus. with photographs from the Dust Bowl era. This true story took place at the emergency farm-labor camp immortalized in Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath. Ostracized as "dumb Okies," the children of Dust Bowl migrant laborers went without school--until Superintendent Leo Hart and 50 Okie kids built their own school in a nearby field.
Beth Moore wants readers to know if God could lift her out of the pit, He can get ANYONE out! She admits she wasn't just a visitor; this former pit-dweller had to be delivered from acres of life-accumulated dirt, bone-chilling darkness, spirit-deadening anger, heart-breaking desperation and mind-numbing confusion...
For peace of mind resign as general manager of the universe. By Author Unknown Find out about Great Depression Paintings
Nick Carraway, The Narrator Of The Great Gatsby - Is He Gay Or Bi?
In The Great Gatsby Scott Fitzgerald presents a study of wealth and ambition through the prism of pathetic characters for which one can find almost no socially redeeming values.
What novel portrays is the sordid story of small band of feeble characters engaged in cheating, adultery, deception, and debauchery. The lavish parties --Jazz-age style-- that Jay Gatsby throws to recover Daisy Buchanan (his lost illusions and perfidious lover) are all but wild bacchanalians.
When one thinks about of the rest of the nation, we can breathe a sigh of relief to see that the rest of Americans are engaged in productive enterprise, in rebuilding the nation after the waste of resources that was the First World War. The sordidness of the story applies, almost in its entirety, to that small band of marginal, misguided, and unsavory characters. It isn't a book about the spiritual dismemberment of America (as many have interpreted the book to be) that came in 1927 with the Great Depression.
Nick Carraway: Unreliable Narrator
While in Ernest Hemingway's short story "The Killers" we experience the objective voice of a disinterested narrator, in The Great Gatsby we are deceived by the relentless biases of Nick Carraway, a likable character --and narrator-- who not only has an interesting story to tell, but also has an agenda. His agenda is a laundry list of things "to clean up," events to smooth over, and a guilty consciousness to cleanse. In a similar vein as the Confessions penned by Augustine, Rousseau, and Ben Franklin, Nick exacerbates other people's crimes and misdemeanors while obscuring and diminishing his own.
From the outset of the narration, Nick Carraway makes it clear that the story he's about to tell is a very personal story, and that he is going to be a protagonist. So, with these words: "In my younger and more vulnerable years..." he begins to tell the story about himself and about young people coming of age, people who at present are in the midst of finding their own identity, groping for goals and a more certain future. It is a generational story in which ambitious Dough Boys --having returned from fighting a world war-- vie for position under the sun, vying for a spot not in the tedium of poverty or disenchantment, but for a share of splendor in wealth and love.
Although Nick makes the calculated decision to come East to pursue a career in Wall Street, his heart moves him in a different direction; his heart is in literature, and he lets us know what his intentions are: "I was rather literary in college-one year I wrote a series of very solemn and obvious editorials for the Yale News-and now I was going to bring back all such things into my life and become again that most limited of all specialists, the 'well rounded man.'" (GG, 4).
Having attended Yale University, he is justified in calling himself a 'well rounded man' who is fully equipped by experience, education, and talent to become a writer, a literary man.
As he commences the narrative, he even indulges in the author's pleasure of even knowing the title of his book: "Only Gatsby, the man who gives his name to this book, was exempt from my reaction." He also engages in moments of meta-narration. When in the second book of Don Quijote the hero learns that he is the subject of spurious adventures by a spurious author, we can only enjoy the pleasures of meta-narration. Nick Carraway also engages himself in bits of meta-narration as when we read that he is reviewing his work as he progresses with the writing: "Reading over what I have written so far, I see I have given the impression that he events of three nights several weeks apart were all that absorbed me. On the contrary, they were merely casual events in a crowded summer, and, until much later, they absorbed me infinitely less than my personal affairs." (GG, 56).
Nick's Agenda
Indeed they were but mere casual events, yet very much intertwined with his own personal life. Though Nick presents the Gastby life as the main thread, his own autobiographical strands of data are weaved into the fabric of the story.While Meursault-Camus' absurd-man narrator of The Stranger chooses a stark, hallucinatory jargon to depict his alienation from the world, Nick Carraway chooses a lyrical and often incantatory language to embellish the sordid world of a low-level American tragedy.
Nick takes licenses and reports hearsay, a narrator's sin that endangers his credibility. What is disgusting is that in the end, Nick doesn't denounce his cousin Daisy, even though he's privy to the knowledge that Daisy was the driver that fated night, and that Daisy kills Myrtle Wilson (Tom's mistress). Was this really an accident? Or did Daisy actually run over Mrs. Wilson intentionally? We can only go by Gatsby's recollection of the accident as he recounts it to Nick.
That Daisy was driving and that she was maneuvering to pass a car coming the other way is clear. What follows is that Daisy first attempts avoid hitting Myrtle, but it is possible that as she recognizes Myrtle she changes her mind and runs over her. After all Myrtle Wilson has been a constant thorn in her flesh throughout the summer, causing her much pain, anxiety, and depression.
While Nick tells us there was an inquest, he omits telling us that he didn't testify, despite the fact that his truthful testimony would have implicated his cousin Daisy. Nick then is complicit in the cover up of a hit and run crime. Furthermore, the night of the accident when Nick plays peeping Tom, he observes Daisy and Tom in a conspiratorial tete-a-tete:
"The weren't happy, and neither of them had touched the chicken or the ale-and yet they weren't unhappy either. There was an unmistakable air of natural intimacy about the picture, and anybody would have said that they were conspiring together." (GG, 145).
In Garcia Marquez's novel One Hundred Years of Solitude, when Remedios the Beauty ascends to heaven, the reader accepts this fact because the woman in her simple mindedness never sees that her beauty hurts people; or even kills them. But when Nick Carraway paints Daisy as a southern beauty filled with charm and innocence, he scratches a discordant note, for her actions belie that.
Is Nick Gay or Bi-?
Nick has a fixation with noses and we see this under-text surface throughout the narration, and the only way to break the habit is by actually "breaking" it violently just as Tom Buchanan does when he breaks his mistress's nose. In addition, Daisy compares Nick to a flower: "Nick, you remind me of a--of a rose, an absolute rose." Is she implying Nick is a closeted gay? Well, Nick never pursues Jordan with the vigor of a male in heat. And there's a scene in which another male removes his garments.
During a get-together in New York, Nick meets Mr. McKee, a photographer: "Mr. McKee was a pale, feminine man from the flat below. He had just shaved, for there was a white spot of lather on his cheekbone (30)." Afterwards McKee takes Nick to his home where they spend the night. Nick later remembers: "I was standing beside his bed and he was sitting up between the sheets, clad in his underwear."
To confirm McKee's gayness and by implication Nick's, we see a phallic image as the elevator boy warns "hands off the lever." To which McKee responds "I beg your pardon...I didn't know I was touching it." Was McKee touching the lever or the elevator boy? Early in the Twentieth Century, American literature had certain taboos that an author could only approach and conquer as the Jew conquered Jericho-around and around and with noise. The noise being the carefully selected word-codes and phallic imagery.
Can anyone imagine a straight man obssessing about another man's bit of dried lather?
"Mr. McKee was asleep on a chair with his fists clenched in his lap, like a photograph of a man of action. Taking out my handkerchief I wiped from his cheek the remains of the spot of dried lather that had worried me all the afternoon." (p.36)
Nick Carraway, the narrator, never acknowledges that he is an amiable pimp. Nick rents his West Egg house with a male, "when a young man at the office suggested that we take a house together in a commuting town, it sounded like a great idea. He found the house, a weather-beaten cardboard bungalow at eighty a month, but at the last minute the firm ordered him to Washington, and I went out to the country alone." (p3).
Not only is Nick gay, but also bisexual: "I even had a short affair with a girl who lived in Jersey City and worked in the accounting department, but her brother began throwing mean looks in my direction, so when she went on her vacation in July I let it blow quietly away." (p56).
And as he meanders through midtown Manhattan, he fantasizes: "I liked to walk up Fifth Avenue and pick out romantic women from the crowd and imagine that in a few minutes I was going to enter into their lives, and no one would ever know or disapprove. Sometimes, in my mind, I followed them to their apartments on the corners of hidden street, and they turned and smiled back at me before they faded through a door into warm darkness." (p56).
Notice Nick's self-examination that carry the despairing musings of old maids, spinsters, and old bachelors: "I was thirty. Before me stretched the portentous, menacing road of a new decade (p135)."
As he looks down the lane of bachelorhood at this point in his life, Nick considers a life-presumably a sexual life with single men only: "The Thirty-the promise of a decade of loneliness, a thinning list of single men to know, a thinning briefcase of enthusiasm, thinning hair." (p135). This is a poignant remark that confirms his loneliness and how he will comfort himself in his bacherlohood.
Conclusion
Nick Carraway presents himself as a simple, unassuming, and likeable character, who thrives in gaining the confidence of friends and strangers alike. Yet, there's nothing simple about him. As his narrative progresses and we get to know him better, we conclude that he is a complex character with many facets.
While many sides of his personality are interesting, the reader cannot help being seduced by the moralistic preponderance of his judgments. On the surface, Nick presents himself as the voice of measure, reason, and virtue, but as we scrutinize his deeper strata we find an array of wild emotions, impulses, desires, and irrationalities that border on an unstable, sexually confused life, as he himself acknowledges: "Conduct may be founded on the hard rock or the wet marshes, but after a certain point I don't care what's founded on." (GG, 2).
About the Author
Retired. Former investment banker, Columbia University-educated, Vietnam Vet (67-68).
For the writing techniques I use, see Mary Duffy's e-book: Sentence Openers.
To read my book reviews of the Classics visit my blog: Writing To Live
I had a little bit of a break down today, I got a C on a final so i ended up with an 89 in the class. My mom was really mean about it saying I should work harder im smart enough to get those grades that im lazy. The thing is im so busy because im always trying to get her approval like my dad has always been disappointed im not athletic and my mom because im not a great singer. The one thing i am good at is art but my parents never care about what my paintings or drawings. So i take like 7 hours of dance a week, voice lessons, and am in the schools shows, im also in like best buddies and lots of other stuff. i try to hard but im never good enough and it just makes me so like upset. They also expect me to like be nice and happy and organized all the time. They partially want me to make up for my brothers mistakes, he just got back from a rehab center for drugs and depression. The thing is im supposed to be perfect and im soo far from it.
.Sweetie, no one is perfect. That's not something humans can ever achieve. Talk to your parents about how you feel. That you desire their approval but feel pressured to excel in areas that are of less interest to you than art, and they don't seem feel art is important (but it is to you). Talk to them about maybe stopping singing or dance or one of the activities that you aren't very interested in.
You have to live your life for you and although school is very important and your academics should be a priority, the extracurriular activities should be things you enjoy and want to do...you'll never truly be good at something that just doesn't interest you.
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Diet can have a profound effect on physical and mental health, and certain foods have been shown to combat depression and even mental illness. Good nutrition also eases stress and improves sleeping patterns. First, check with your doctor, then try the “depression fighting” diet for a month, and see if it improves your mood!
Top 10 foods for happiness and well-being:
1. Omega 3 fatty acids are compounds are found in tuna, salmon, walnuts, and canola oil. They can also be purchased in supplement form. Multiple clinical studies have shown Omega 3 fights depression. Omega 3 fats can even help combat more severe mental illnesses, such as bi-polar disorder. A landmark study by Harvard University showed that bi-polar patients receiving high doses of Omega 3 oils stayed in remission longer, and were able to combat depression better. A new study by the Mental Health Foundation shows that fish oils “significantly improve” the behavior of children suffering from ADHD, or attention deficit disorder. And, since these oils are naturally occurring in foods, they are safe for most people to take.
2. Zinc is essential for metabolism and digestion. It plays an important role in immune system function, and helps fight weakness and fatigue. Zinc deficiencies often result in loss of appetite and irritability. Zinc-rich foods are: wheat germ, pumpkin seeds, whole grain wheat bran, and high protein foods.
3. Vitamin B-3 (niacin) is essential for energy conversion in the body. Even mild deficiencies can cause depression, irritability, canker sores, and indigestion. If you regularly get canker sores in your mouth and lips, it may be a sign of B-3 deficiency. Excessive alcohol consumption causes vitamin B-3 deficiencies. Natural sources of this vitamin are beets, pork, chicken, dried beans and oily fish (such as mackerel or salmon).
4. Water is absolutely essential for combating depression and fighting fatigue. Water helps improve mood, motor function, mind power, skin problems, and a host of other maladies. Always drink at least 40 ounces of water a day. If you drink soda or coffee, it is good to increase your water intake, since caffeine acts as a diuretic, pulling water from the body. The benefits are enormous, and the cost is minimal. Drink more water!
5. Vitamin E occurs naturally in wheat germ, nuts, seeds, and some fruits and vegetables. Vitamin E is a potent anti-oxidant and immune booster. It has been shown to strengthen red blood cells and fight viral infection. It is a good supplement for people with chronic fatigue and depression.
6. Calcium can help combat stress and anxiety. Studies have shown that calcium can help combat post-partum depression. Calcium-deficient people regularly complain of difficulty sleeping and cramps. Calcium has the added benefit of being a natural sleep-aid. It is present in milk, cheese, and most dairy products. Other non-dairy sources include broccoli, tofu and fortified orange juice.
7. Folic Acid is found in leafy greens, beans and peanuts, orange juice, wheat germ, and many fortified cereals. Researchers know that low levels of folic acid are directly linked to depression. A University of Toronto study showed that patients with higher levels of folic acid in their systems fought depression faster and more successfully than those without it.
8. Stevia is a natural sweetener made from a leafy green plant. Stevia has been used for centuries as a natural sweetener in Asia, and many diet sodas in Asia are made with Stevia. Although the sugar and artificial sweetener industry has fought stevia’s addition to foods in the United States, it is still freely available in powder and leafy form for consumers to purchase. Stevia is all-natural, non-caloric, and does not have the same side-effects as refined sugar and other artificial sweeteners.
9. Vitamin C is a natural immune-system booster. Depressed people often have suppressed immune systems, and vitamin C rich foods and supplements can help boost your natural immune response. People with vitamin C deficiencies often show signs of depression and stress. Vitamin C is readily available in all citrus fruits, and a variety of inexpensive supplements.
10. Iron deficiency causes fatigue, low energy, and anemia, especially in women. Always check with your doctor before taking an iron supplement. However, there are many natural sources of iron that are easily added to one’s diet without any side-effects of a supplement. Good sources of iron include liver, beef, beans, peas, and nuts. It is easier for your body to assimilate iron from meat rather than vegetable sources. If you are a vegetarian, you can improve your iron assimilation by adding vitamin C to your diet.
Other Possible Causes of Fatigue
Food allergies can also cause a host of problems, including depression and weakness. Sometimes, these allergies are mild, and simply cause stomach upset or mood swings. A close friend of mine just recently discovered that chocolate (cacao) was the trigger for her PMS and horrible migraines. After 46 years, she is finally PMS and migraine-free after giving up chocolate completely. Common food allergies include chocolate, wheat, dairy, and soy.
Avoid Caffeine. One cup of tea or coffee per day is acceptable, but anything more than can cause problems with mood swings, depression, and fatigue. Black tea generally has less caffeine than coffee. If you would like to reduce your caffeine intake, consider switching to tea instead.
Reduce or eliminate your refined sugar intake. It may seem difficult at first, but train yourself to eat something else when you crave refined sugar. Delicious sweet strawberries, blueberries, or sliced oranges can ease your sweet tooth and help keep you on track. Avoid sugary foods and cereals, especially in the morning, when your blood sugar can spike dramatically. Instead, opt for a protein-rich breakfast, with eggs, milk, and sausage or lean meats and a piece of fruit, such as a banana. This type of breakfast helps prevent food cravings and mood swings later on in the day.
Hormone therapy and oral contraceptives can interfere with the absorption of B vitamins. Women that take an estrogen supplement may want to add a B supplement to their diet in order to combat this interference. Ask your doctor if a B supplement is okay.
Finally, if you are one of the many people that gulps down a cup of coffee in the morning and then realizes you are starving at noon, you are doing your body a great disservice every day. Even if you have to force yourself, eat three meals a day, and always start with a good, protein-rich breakfast. If your doctor approves, add some good vitamin supplements to your diet, and drink lots of water. You’ll feel better almost immediately, and you may even lose cravings for unhealthy foods. Take the first step towards better health and a happier life!
Sources
“Food Ingredients May be as Effective as Antidepressants: Researchers Discover ‘Mood Foods' Relieve Signs of Depression.” Harvard University Online. May 2006.
Lark MD, Susan M. “Vitamins, Minerals, and Herbs for Chronic Fatigue” (Excerpted from The Menopause Self Help Book, Celestial Arts). 1990
“Vitamin B3 (Niacin).” University of Maryland Medical Center Alternative Medicine. April 2002.
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What is relation between vitamin b 12 deficiency and depression or mood fluctuations,I am a vegetarian ,do?
I need to take vitamin pills to get my daily dose of vitamin B,I am from India and there is capsule here called Zevit which has B12 and other vitamin b and zinc and vitamin c ,i am planning to take them,is that ok or will there be any side effects.
take the B vitamin. It is essential. You must have B vitamin for enzymatic reactions and there is no risk of toxicity. Vegetarians are most likely to be deficient. Lack of B vit's can lead to neurological problems like depression and confusion amongst many other things including death. So TAKE THEM!!
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Zinc Deficiency and it's Damaging Effects on the Body: Personal Trainer, Palo Alto
It took me a long time not to judge myself through someone else's eyes. By Sally Field Find out about Major Depression Fatigue
The Hurt And Truth Of Depression: Major Depression symptoms
When it comes to depression many individuals wish to work through their condition or not let on that something is terribly wrong inside of them. However, depression doesn't just affect the individual, but those around. Therefore, the individual should seek help not only for themselves, but to ease the pain of those that suffer with them.
In addition, it is important for individuals who suffer from depression to realize that they do not have to hide this condition nor think that they are suffering alone. In fact it is estimated that millions of individuals suffer from some form of depression or another. Therefore it is important to know what depression is and some of the major depression symptoms that an individual can exhibit.
What Is Major Depression?
Depression is a debilitating disorder that affects millions of people and can prevent them from functioning normally during an episodic event. This is because some of the major depression symptoms completely incapacitate the individual and prevent them from leading a normal life.
Specifically, when major depression hits, the individual can basically shut down and withdraw into themselves. This in turn not only affects the individual, but can have a devastating effect on family members and friends.
In addition when it comes to depression there are generally three categories into which a depressed individual will fall. Those three categories are dysthymic disorder, manic depression or bipolar disorder and major depression. Major depression or clinical depression, is the most severe depressive condition of the three.
Generally, major depression is triggered by one severe or highly traumatic event in the individual's life or maybe due to a number of accumulated events over a period of time. Additionally, this condition may also happen once in a person's life or maybe a continuing part of the individual's personal. In this event the depression is known as recurrent depression.
Also, major depression has a financial impact. This is due to the individual's time lost from the workplace, effect on the finances of family members, loss of productivity in the workplace, medical intervention, etc.
Major Depression Symptoms Exhibited
Major depression is a severe form of depression and therefore the corresponding major depression symptoms are equally severe. The worst major depression symptom that can be experienced is that the individual will host suicidal thoughts. In addition, other major depression symptoms that are exhibited include crying for no apparent reason, insomnia, weight loss or gain, loss of appetite, extreme fatigue, no sexual drive, etc.
first off i have major depression. but i go from being totally withdrawn (not socializing with customers at work, i feel i dont have the ability to) to being my normal witty, self. How can i have great levels of intelligence and wit one second, and be reverted to nothing the next?
Its almost as if my mind were fatigued as well as my body, im always tired.
for this reason im going to try adderall i hope it helps, but why does my personality change like that? I know im capable of being social but i cant snap out of the dulled out feeling!
Anxiety often accompanies depression. So you may naturally be an extrovert, but become more introverted and shy when around people you are uncomfortable with.
There are more things Lucilius that frighten us than injure us and we suffer more in imagination than in reality. By Seneca Find out about Depression Family History
In this prospective study migraineous patients were enrolled who wre manifested the symptoms of depression.There was considerable psychiatric morbidity there was necessay find out all migranes aand treated them symptomatically.It proved that we should not bypass the chaces of dpression in cases of migraine especially female patients.
"Migraine is a mysterious disorder characterized by pulsing headache (feeling of weightage,fullness over forehead),usually restrictedto one side,which comes in attacks lasting 4-48hours and is often associated with nausea,vomiting,sensitivity of light, and sound, vertigo,loosemotions and other symptoms."(Tripathi-2006)
"Migraine is very common type of headache,with a prevalance of 10-12%,migraine ranks 19th among disease" (cephalalgia 2004)
"migraine is a complex disorder inwich many psychological,inviromental,biochemical,neurophysiologic,and genetic factors play a role to tiger attacks. The diagnosis is based on headache characetrized and associated symptoms specified internationl headache society" (westermanCJetal 2003)
"The typical headache is unilateral,throbbing and may be severe.If untreated, the migraine attacks typically lasts 4 to 72 hours. The attacks are usually associated with nausea,vomitting, or sensitivity to sound,light and or movement.In addition to this, migraine with aura is characterized by transient focal neurological symptoms,which are usually visual,and may precede,accompany, or flow the headache attacks."(stewart WF et al 1994)
"Thereare two types of migraine headaches.The first migraine without aura(previously called common migraine) is severe,unilateral,pulsating headache that the typically lasts from 2 to 72 hours.These headaches are often aggrivated by physical activity and accompanied by nausea,vomiting,photophobia(hypersensitivity to light) and phonophobia (hypersensitivity to sound.Approximately 85% of patients with migraine do not have aura.In the second type migraine with aura (previously called classic migraine),the headache preceded by neurological symptoms called auras which can be visual, sensory,and or cause speech or motor disturbances. Most commonly these prodromal symptoms are visual, occuring, approximately 20 to 40 minutes before headache pain begins. In the fifteen percent of migraine patients whose headache is proceded by aura,the aura itself allows diagnosis.The headache itself in migraine with or without auras is similar.For both typesmigraines,woman are three folder more likely thanmen to experience either type of migraine.
Migraine-there is chance for family tenency,females are more affected than male,it develops unilateral,variables in onset,characterized by pulsating,throbing.Cluster-ther in family chance,males are more than females it develops during sleep,at behind or around head,characterized by sharp,steady.
Tension-Type-there is family history,it develops understress,bilateralcharacterized by dull,persistentent type.(Richard D etal 2006)
" Depression may means the symptom of feeling of said, meloncholic or low in spirit, or it may mean the syndrome of depression as characterized by low mood,lack of enjoyment, reduced energy and changes in appetite, sleep and libidpolic.(A.W.CLARE 1998)
"Clinically significant depression is often reffered to is as major cause of disability and of succide.Medically unexplained symptoms that may result from depression include chronic fatigue,chronic wide spread pain,weight loss and conginitive impairment (deprssive pseudodementia).Dpression comorbid with a medical condition magnifies any associated disability,diminishes adherence to medical treatment and rehiltation, and may even shortet life expectancy.Recent research suggests that patients who have a major depressive disorder soon after myocardial infarction or stroke die sooner than who do not even when disease severity is controlled.(lloyd& sharpe MC 2002).
"It is widely accepted that the limbic system has a role in control and expression of emotion.These structures from a reverbrating (papez) cercuit inwhich inputs from various cortical areas,especialy those involving in perception, are fed in together with other inputs from the brain system and spinal cord.Output is mainly from the hypothelmus,through releasing hormone, and the reticular formation and autonomic nuclie of the brain stem. The hypothelmus plays a part in hormonal disturbabce in depression.The reticular formation and autonomic nuclie contol aroused and autonomic function,both of which are often altered in depression.The limbic system also contains sructures involved in the control of memory,depressed patients often express their disorder in terms of adversely disorted recollection of past events.The limbic system may act as a regulatory system for emotional states.Noradrenergic and 5HT neurones abuond in these areas of the brain,and the system's close link with the LHRA axis provides a pictures how disturbance of these systems might be linked in depression."(cantopher1991).
'Types of depression.Major depression-It is probably one of the most common forms of depression,lack of interest,walk around with weight of world on his or her shoulder, hopeless atate,lack of interest in sexual activity and less appetite and weightloss.
Atypical Depression-individuals somtimes experience of happiness, but fatigue,oversleeping,overeating weightgain.typical depressio can last for months or a suffer may live with it forever.
Psychotic Depression-Individual of psychotic dpression begin to hear and see imajinory things-sound,voicesand visual that donot exist.
Dysthymia-Individual characterized by sad,blue,or meloncholic.it is a condition that people are not even aware of but just live with daily,feel life is unimportant,dissatisfied,frightened and simply donot enjoy their lives.
Manic depression:It is highly exuted,emotional disorder people who suffer from manic depression have an extremely high rate of succide."(Any Berhman 2004)
We interwiewed after informed consent one hundred and two patients reporting atMedical and the psychiatric outpatients Department at Muhammad Medical College Mirpurkhas sindh,between March 2007 to to April 2008.These patients were screened for presence of depression symptoms in concomittently with migraine/half headache in head.Depressive symptoms were measured through depression scale and clinical interview,weeping,lonlelessness,sadness,confusion main questions were asked during interviewed in cases of migraine.
RESULTS
:There were thirty seven males (36.27%)and sixty five females (63.72%)who were examined during attacks of headache,17(45.9%)patients were manifested depressive symptoms and 43 (66.1%)females were developed symptoms of depression in cases of migraine.
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Included
Excluded
Total
N
Percent
N
Percent
N
Percent
Total cases of study * Presence of depression in migraineous female patients
43
42.2%
59
57.8%
102
100.0%
Femal patients in study * Presence of depression in migraineous female patients
43
42.2%
59
57.8%
102
100.0%
Male patients in study * Presence of depression in migraineous female patients
37
36.3%
65
63.7%
102
100.0%
Total cases of study * Presence of depression in migraneous male patients
17
16.7%
85
83.3%
102
100.0%
Femal patients in study * Presence of depression in migraneous male patients
17
16.7%
85
83.3%
102
100.0%
Male patients in study * Presence of depression in migraneous male patients
17
16.7%
85
83.3%
102
100.0%
DISCUSSION:
It was proved that females were more than male in our study.There were 66.1% females,45.9% male depressive symptoms in diagnostic cases of migraines.Majority females patients were malnourished and weeping during taking history and these were main parameters considered depressive symptoms in cases of migranious patients.From summary tables and diagrames it was proved that females were more affected than male in this study.It means that depressive symptoms were more presence in females during interview in this stydy.
"A recent research findings indicated that treatment for both migraine and major depression may benefit patients with both disorder.Astudy was conducted on people with migraine or sever headahes aged between 25to 55.When their psychiatric combordity was assed,resaercher found that the risk of migraine in individuals with pre-existing mjor depression was three times highet than in individuals with no history of major depression.More ever major depression the risk of major depression in people with pre-existing migraine was more than fivefold hiher than in people with no history of headaches.However there were no relation between major depression and other types of severe headaches"(MrMARY Ayres2003)
"Many migraines sufferes have noticed that at times,migraine and depression seems to go together and there is strong evidence to support this,However it is not known whether treating migraine affects depressive symptoms or treating depression affects migraine symptoms"(MMA2008)
"Throbbing migraine headaches and major depression may be related.Infact having one may increase the occurance of other.Migraine sufferers were five times more likely that the headache-free individuals to develop major depression in the study conducted by the Henrry ford Health system.Those who started the study with depression were three times more likely to develop migraines.With major depression was more at risk of suffering a first time migraie than non-dopressed individuals. And people who live with migrains seems to br more at risk for an initial bout of depression.Both disorders are biological linked,possibility with brain chemical or hormones."(PT Staff 2007).
"The overall frequency of recurrent headaches didnot very significantly with age, but girls had headaches are common soatic complaints among Norwegian adolescents,especially among girls"(ZwartJA etal 2004).
"Researchers survey 949 woman with migraine about their history of abuse,deprssion and headaches characteristics,forty percent of woman had chronic headache more than 15 headaches in month,and 72%reported very severeheadache related diability.Physically and sexually abuse was reported in 38%of the womanand 12%reportedboth physical and sexual abuse in the past.The association between migraine and depression is well established, butthe mechanism is un certain.The study found woman with migraine who had major deprssion were twice as likely as a child.If thebabuse coninued age 12 ,the woman with migraine were five times more likely to report depression"(science dily2007).
"Major depression increased the risk of depression,migraine as well same.This bidirectional association,with each disorder increasing the risk for onset of other,was not observed in relation to other severe headaches,both were considered direcly proportional to eachother."(NBreslaw,et al 2003)
It was proved that migraine type of headache bases of depression if it untreated,same mechanism follow the severe cases of depression could lead to migraine type headache.Females were more affected than males.No doubt migranous corelated to depression.
REFERENCES:
Any Behrman (2004)electroboy:a memoir of mania;published by Random House ,16sep2004 types of depression,medical review board.
Nbreslau,schultz,stewart,RBS lipton (2000)’headache and major depression is association specefic to migraine? Neurology 2000 54,308.American Academy of neuology.
Mrs marry ayres ;to relieve the burden of headache by facilitating informed awareness and encouraging resaerch’
Mary kay betz ;having headache-advisor.
N breslau RB lipton stewart 2003,;comorbidity of migraine and depression investigating potential etiology and prognosis,neurology 2003,60-13-12 American Acadamy of neurology.
Science daily(sept-6-2007)’childhood abuse is more common in woman with migraine who suffer depression than in woman with migraine alones’American Acadamy of Neurology.
Zwart JA,Dyb,Hotman TZ,Stovener LJ,SandT 2004’The prevalences of migraine and tension-type among adolsent in Norway.Cephalalgia2004 May,24(5).373-9
K.Dtripathi2003’migraine drug therapy,essentials of medical pharmacology,5th edition,
DP Headache classification subcommittee of the international headache society.2nd edition cephalalgia 2004,24:1-160
Western CJ,Rosina AF,Deveris vde coteau pa,’The prevalences and manifestation of hereditory hemmorrhage telangiectasia,a family screening.AM J Genet A2003 116 324-28.
Stewart WF, Schechter,AR rasssmussin BK’migraine prevalence, a review of population-based studies-neurology 1994-44 817-23.
Richard .Dhowland,marry j,mycek,2006’drugs used in treatment of migraine’,pharmacology,lipponcottes illustered.
A.W,Clare 1998’clinincal medicine,parveen kumar 4th edition psychological medicine
Lloyd GG SHRPEMC Davidson’s priniples and practics of medicine 19th edition 2004 affective mood disorder
T Cantopher Neurology of depression neuroanatomy of depression medicine digest 1998 7-8.
I now have very high cholesterol as well as high blood pressure and depression. Any tips please?
The combination of these and being overweight a bit and a family history worry me in preparing any sort of plan. I have medication for all 3. I care a lot about action.
I wish I knew how old you are as age can be a contributory factor in all three.
Being a bit overweight can be the cause of, or the result of, depression. Stress from this causes blood pressure to rise, if weight is due to poor diet that'll cause high cholesterol so the three are all connected not separate problems.
The best way to take control of yourself is light regular exercise, very gradually increasing it as you feel fitter, and a steady healthy diet. I started jogging and my taste seemed to change to enjoying healthier food and, even better, I stopped wanting to smoke. I said at the beginning about your age. Age should be taken into account when deciding on the extent and frequency of exercise. Also there are different causes of depression and some of these can be age-related.
Are you sure that the depression isn't because you're a bit overweight and have high cholesterol and blood pressure? Was it the other way around? Or did they all come together?
Think about it for a little while then go get some fresh air, walking is good.
I have a "feel good song" which works for me most of the time whether singing out loud or in my head. Think of a song that makes you feel good and when you're low start singing it, think only of the words to your song and sing it wherever you are whatever you're doing. Sounds mad, maybe it is, but no harm in trying.
I'm not sure what you mean about 'preparing any sort of plan'. What type of plan? Also you say nothing about your family history that worries you.
Too little information can bring about poor or even dangerous advice, so be careful.
I've been there, well I'm still there I suppose, the only difference now is that I no longer feel bad about taking medication, I see it like I see food, it helps keep me going.
I wish I could help you more but I know too little about what's causing your problems. I really do wish you well.
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Sounder is the heartwarming story of a black sharecropper family in Louisiana during the Depression. A father steals food for his family, his wife provides love, security and strength while he is in prison, and their oldest son bravely becomes the man of the house until his father returns...
An exciting and lovingly realized version of Laura Hillenbrand's best-selling book about the horse that captivated America during the 1930s and those involved in its success. Follow how car dealer/horse owner Charles Howard (Jeff Bridges), trainer Tom Smith (Chris Cooper) and jockey Red Pollard (Tobey Maguire) all played a part in turning the underachieving Seabiscuit into a record-breaking champion...
Robert Duvall narrates this documentary about the legendary trio of Virginia musicians, The Carter Family. The stories of A.P., Sara and Maybelle Carter are told through family photos, memorabilia and archival footage...
Four brothers who have inherited the "gambling bug" of their progenitors feel cursed and unable to shake the addiction. All four attempt to cure themselves of the bug, but the youngest is the only one finally able to do it...
Photo Puzzle, Beggar couple with child in pram. A beggar couple with a child in a pram. The pram has no tyres. Chosen by Mary Evans. 10x14 Photo Puzzle with 252 pieces. Packed in black cardboard box of dimensions 5 5/8 x 7 5/8 x 1 1/5...
Photo Puzzle, Itinerant family on the road. An itinerant family - two parents and six children, plus a pram - who, for reasons unknown, are on the road. With little or no money they might have to spend each night in a workhouse casual ward alongside tramps and vagrants, or even sleep rough...
It is 1936 and Kate Merritt, the middle child of Victor and Nadine, works hard to keep her family together. Her father slowly slips into alcoholism and his business suffers during the Great Depression...
Set in the Dust Bowl of the American West, Farm Girl, the true account of a child coming of age on a 1920's Nebraska farm, recaptures an era. Young Lucille Marker experiences survival during the Depression, one of the worst dust storms in history, and finally the disintegration of the close-knit community in which she grows up...
![Is PTSD caused by traumatic stress? [An article from: Journal of Anxiety Disorders]](http://www.anxiousmonkey.com/images/i/515mRoeXVWL._SL75_.jpg "<h2>Major Depression Journals Positive Feedback</h2>")
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![This is America, Charlie Brown - The Great Inventors [VHS]](http://www.anxiousmonkey.com/images/i/513H2DBSREL._SL75_.jpg "<h2>Depression Family History Positive Feedback</h2>")
![Seabiscuit [Blu-ray]](http://www.anxiousmonkey.com/images/i/61M9e%2BIjD7L._SL75_.jpg "<h2>Depression Family History Positive Feedback</h2>")
![Gambling Addiction Stories in Feature Film: Born to Gamble [DVD] (1935) Starring Onslow Stevens, H. B. Warner, Maxine Doyle, Eric Linden, Lois Wilson, William Janney, Ben Alexander, and Lucien Prival.](http://www.anxiousmonkey.com/images/i/41SLkwh8wSL._SL75_.jpg "<h2>Depression Family History Positive Feedback</h2>")
