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Important Uses of Lithium
While sodium and potassium are the sixth and seventh most abundant elements on Earth respectively, comprising 2.6% and 2.4% of the planet's known elemental mass, lithium, is much less abundant, and therefore, figures for its part of Earth's known elemental mass are measured in parts per million (ppm). The total lithium in Earth's crust is about 17 ppm. Swedish chemist Johan August Arfvedson (1792-1841) discovered lithium in 1817, and named it after the Greek word for "stone." Four years later, another scientist named W. T. Brande succeeded in isolating the highly reactive metal. Most of the lithium available on Earth's crust is bound up with aluminum and silica in minerals. Since the time of its discovery, lithium has been used in lubricants, glass, and in alloys of lead, aluminum, and magnesium. In glass, it acts as a strengthening agent; likewise, metal alloys that contain lithium tend to be stronger, yet less dense. In 1994, physicist Jeff Dahn of Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada, developed a lithium battery. Not only was the battery cheaper to produce than the traditional variety, Dahn and his colleagues announced, but the disposal of used lithium batteries presented less danger to the environment. One of the most striking uses of lithium occurred in 1932, when English physicist John D. Cockcroft (1897-1967) and Irish physicist Ernest Walton (1903-1995) built the first particle accelerator. By bombarding lithium atoms, they produced highly energized alpha particles. This was the first nuclear reaction brought about by the use of artificially accelerated particles, in other words, without the need for radioactive materials such as uranium-235. Cockcroft's and Walton's experiment with lithium thus proved pivotal to the later creation of the atomic bomb.
The most important application of lithium, however, is in treatment for the psychiatric condition once known as manic depression, today identified as bipolar disorder. Persons suffering from bipolar disorder tend toward mood swings: during some periods the patient is giddy ("manic," or in a condition of "mania"), and during others the person is suicidal. Indeed, prior to the development of lithium as a treatment for bipolar disorder, as many as one in five patients with this condition committed suicide. Doctors do not know exactly how lithium does what it does, but it obviously works: between 70% and 80% of patients with the bipolar condition respond well to treatment, and are able to go on with their lives in such a way that their condition is no longer outwardly evident. Lithium is also administered to patients who suffer unipolar depression and some forms of schizophrenia.
It is said that the great Greco-Roman physician Galen (129-c. 199) counseled patients suffering from "mania" to bathe in, and even drink the water from, alkaline springs. If so, he was nearly 2,000 years ahead of his time. Even in the 1840s, not long after lithium was discovered, the mineral—mixed with carbonate or citrate—was touted as a cure for insomnia, gout, epilepsy, diabetes, and even cancer. None of these alleged cures proved a success; nor did a lithium chloride treatment administered in the 1940s as a salt substitute for patients on low-sodium diets. As it turned out, when not enough sodium is present, the body experiences a buildup of sodium's sister element, lithium. The result was poisoning, which in some cases proved fatal.
Then in 1949, Australian psychiatrist John Cade discovered the value of lithium for psychiatric treatment. He approached the problem from an entirely different angle, experimenting with uric acid, which he believed to be a cause of manic behavior. In administering the acid to guinea pigs, he added lithium salts merely to keep the uric acid soluble—and was very surprised by what he discovered. The uric acid did not make the guinea pigs manic, as he had expected; instead, they became exceedingly calm. Cade changed the focus of his research, and tested lithium treatment on ten manic patients. Again, the results were astounding: one patient who had suffered from an acute bipolar disorder (as it is now known) for five years was released from the hospital after three months of lithium treatment, and went on to lead a healthy, normal life. Encouraged by the changes he had seen in patients who received lithium, Cade published a report on his findings in the Medical Journal of Australia, but his work had little impact at the time. Nor did the idea of lithium treatment meet with an enthusiastic reception on the other side of the Pacific: in the aftermath of the failed experiments with lithium as a sodium substitute in the 1940s, stories of lithium poisoning were widespread in the United States.
Were it not for the efforts of Danish physician Mogens Schou, lithium might never have taken hold in the medical community. During the 1950s and 1960s, Schou campaigned tirelessly for recognition of lithium as a treatment for manic-depressive illness. Finally during the 1960s, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration began conducting trials of lithium, and approved its use in 1974. Today some 200,000 Americans receive lithium treatments. A non-addictive and non-sedating medication, lithium—as evidenced by the failed experiment in the 1940s—may still be dangerous in large quantities. It is absorbed quickly into the bloodstream and carried to all tissues in the brain and body before passing through the kidneys. Both lithium and sodium are excreted through the kidneys, and since sodium affects lithium excretion, it is necessary to maintain a proper quantity of sodium in the body. For this reason, patients on lithium are cautioned to avoid a low-salt diet.
About the Author
Dr.Badruddin Khan teaches Chemistry in the University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.
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I'd like to liquidate parent's estate quickly. What should I do?
I've already tried an auction service. They came in and took most of the best furniture, then sold it for pennies and most of the stuff they took didn't sell and I had to hire a truck and go there and get it back. Antique dealers only want Sotheby's quality merchandise, and who has that? Estate liquidators charge high fees plus a percentage. One even told me he doubted what he could get from the estate would even cover his fee. Another auctioneer suggested I rent a roll-off dumpster and put everything in it. I admit I don't have high-end antiques and collectibles, but this stuff must have value to someone. I'm looking for someone that will come in and give me a price for the lot and take it away - not pick and choose and only want the "good stuff." I even tried Ebay last summer. I put some depression and carnival glass up for sale and didn't even get a nibble. I'm tired of lugging it in and out of the house to have tag sales. Any suggestions?
Well, my opinion is, you've picked a wrong time to try to sell all this stuff. Not your fault, the economy is bad. Millions of people are on unemployment and not looking to buy things like what you have.
To be kind of frank about this, no insult intended, but what you wrote, you don't seem to have any attachment to your parents things, so why not sell it for whatever you can get for it, since your tired of lugging it in and out of your yard sale. You can also call up some churches or shelters and see if there are people who can use the stuff.
You said "It must have value to someone". Sure it does. To someone who can USE it. You said yourself it's not high end antiques. So since it's basically junk to you, no emotional attachment, eager to sell it, sell it and get rid of it, or give it away.
People are losing their homes at warp speed. Neither of those suggestions fancy you, guess your stuck with it.
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Thanks! Ice...and whip two Benadryl. my family uses meat tenderizer and water and rub it on within it will stop hurting...
